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Pauline Hillaire, Scälla – Of the Killer Whale (Lummi, 1929–2016), was a direct descendant of the immediate post-contact generations of Coast Salish people in Washington State. She was an historian, genealogist, artist, teacher, and conservator of Coast and Straits Salish knowledge and culture. These photographs offer a visual biography of Hillaire. This image features one of Joe Hillaire’s totem poles. Pauline’s father was a renowned carver and…

Pauline Hillaire, Scälla – Of the Killer Whale (Lummi, 1929–2016), was a direct descendant of the immediate post-contact generations of Coast Salish people in Washington State. She was an historian, genealogist, artist, teacher, and conservator of Coast and Straits Salish knowledge and culture. These photographs offer a visual biography of Hillaire. This image features one of Joe Hillaire’s totem poles. Pauline’s father was a renowned carver and cultural leader. He and his work are the focus of the video, "Interpreting the Totem Poles of Joe Hillaire," a digital complement to the published book, A Totem Pole History: The Work of Lummi Carver Joe Hillaire (University of Nebraska Press, 2013). The video is available in this digital archive. Show more Show less

Pauline Hillaire, Scälla – Of the Killer Whale (Lummi, 1929–2016), was a direct descendant of the immediate post-contact generations of Coast Salish people in Washington State. She was an historian, genealogist, artist, teacher, and conservator of Coast and Straits Salish knowledge and culture. These photographs offer a visual biography of Hillaire. This image includes Joseph Hillaire, Pauline’s father. He was a renowned carver and cultural…

Pauline Hillaire, Scälla – Of the Killer Whale (Lummi, 1929–2016), was a direct descendant of the immediate post-contact generations of Coast Salish people in Washington State. She was an historian, genealogist, artist, teacher, and conservator of Coast and Straits Salish knowledge and culture. These photographs offer a visual biography of Hillaire. This image includes Joseph Hillaire, Pauline’s father. He was a renowned carver and cultural leader. He and his work are the focus of the video, “Interpreting the Totem Poles of Joe Hillaire,” a digital complement to the published book, A Totem Pole History: The Work of Lummi Carver Joe Hillaire (University of Nebraska Press, 2013). The video is available in this digital archive. Spelling note: The last "w" in "kwul-kwul’tw" should be superscript. Show more Show less

Pauline Hillaire, Scälla – Of the Killer Whale (Lummi, 1929–2016), was a direct descendant of the immediate post-contact generations of Coast Salish people in Washington State. She was an historian, genealogist, artist, teacher, and conservator of Coast and Straits Salish knowledge and culture. These photographs offer a visual biography of Hillaire. This image features one of Joe Hillaire’s totem poles. Pauline’s father was a renowned carver and…

Pauline Hillaire, Scälla – Of the Killer Whale (Lummi, 1929–2016), was a direct descendant of the immediate post-contact generations of Coast Salish people in Washington State. She was an historian, genealogist, artist, teacher, and conservator of Coast and Straits Salish knowledge and culture. These photographs offer a visual biography of Hillaire. This image features one of Joe Hillaire’s totem poles. Pauline’s father was a renowned carver and cultural leader. He and his work are the focus of the video, "Interpreting the Totem Poles of Joe Hillaire," a digital complement to the published book, A Totem Pole History: The Work of Lummi Carver Joe Hillaire (University of Nebraska Press, 2013). The video is available in this digital archive. Show more Show less

Pauline Hillaire, Scälla – Of the Killer Whale (Lummi, 1929–2016), was a direct descendant of the immediate post-contact generations of Coast Salish people in Washington State. She was an historian, genealogist, artist, teacher, and conservator of Coast and Straits Salish knowledge and culture. These photographs offer a visual biography of Hillaire. This image includes a portrait of an unidentified male, holding the Lummi flag.

Pauline Hillaire, Scälla – Of the Killer Whale (Lummi, 1929–2016), was a direct descendant of the immediate post-contact generations of Coast Salish people in Washington State. She was an historian, genealogist, artist, teacher, and conservator of Coast and Straits Salish knowledge and culture. These photographs offer a visual biography of Hillaire. The image shows fourteen individuals of various ages and genders.

Pauline Hillaire, Scälla – Of the Killer Whale (Lummi, 1929–2016), was a direct descendant of the immediate post-contact generations of Coast Salish people in Washington State. She was an historian, genealogist, artist, teacher, and conservator of Coast and Straits Salish knowledge and culture. These photographs offer a visual biography of Hillaire. This image features one of Joe Hillaire’s totem poles. Pauline’s father was a renowned carver and…

Pauline Hillaire, Scälla – Of the Killer Whale (Lummi, 1929–2016), was a direct descendant of the immediate post-contact generations of Coast Salish people in Washington State. She was an historian, genealogist, artist, teacher, and conservator of Coast and Straits Salish knowledge and culture. These photographs offer a visual biography of Hillaire. This image features one of Joe Hillaire’s totem poles. Pauline’s father was a renowned carver and cultural leader. He and his work are the focus of the video, "Interpreting the Totem Poles of Joe Hillaire," a digital complement to the published book, A Totem Pole History: The Work of Lummi Carver Joe Hillaire (University of Nebraska Press, 2013). The video is available in this digital archive. Show more Show less

The Lummi Reservation is on the coast of northwestern Washington, about twenty miles south of the U.S./Canada border, ninety miles north of the city of Seattle and eight miles west of Bellingham, WA. The reservation consists of approximately 12,563 acres (approx. 19.6 square miles), plus surrounding tidelands of about 7,000 acres. [See, U.S. Court of Claims 79 Ct. Cl. 530, F-275 (1934), The Duwamish, Lummi, Whidby Island Skagit, Upper Skagit,…

The Lummi Reservation is on the coast of northwestern Washington, about twenty miles south of the U.S./Canada border, ninety miles north of the city of Seattle and eight miles west of Bellingham, WA. The reservation consists of approximately 12,563 acres (approx. 19.6 square miles), plus surrounding tidelands of about 7,000 acres. [See, U.S. Court of Claims 79 Ct. Cl. 530, F-275 (1934), The Duwamish, Lummi, Whidby Island Skagit, Upper Skagit, Swinomish, Kikiallus, Snohomish, Snoqualmie, Stillaguamish, Suquamish, Samish, Puyallup, Squaxin, Skokomish, Upper Chehalis, Muckleshoot, Nooksack, Chinook, and San Juan Tribes of Indians v. the United States, Sect. XXII; and Lummi Natural Resources Department, Lummi Nation Atlas, Prepared by Ann Stark, GIS Manager (Lummi Nation: Bellingham, WA, February 2008, 6): www.lummi-nsn.gov/NR/GIS/PDF/LummiAtlasFeb2008.pdf.] Show more Show less

The boundary line shows the central ancestral lands of the Lummi before the 1855 Treaty of Point Elliott. Lummi territory extended beyond the boundary shown, to Point Roberts, WA, and across the current border between Canada and the United States. The Lummi and other Straits Salish-speaking tribes, the Semiahmoo north of the Lummi, and the Samish to the south, along with tribes based on southern Vancouver Island −Saanich, T’Sou-ke, and…

The boundary line shows the central ancestral lands of the Lummi before the 1855 Treaty of Point Elliott. Lummi territory extended beyond the boundary shown, to Point Roberts, WA, and across the current border between Canada and the United States. The Lummi and other Straits Salish-speaking tribes, the Semiahmoo north of the Lummi, and the Samish to the south, along with tribes based on southern Vancouver Island −Saanich, T’Sou-ke, and Songhees− traveled and gathered food in the straits and among the Gulf Islands (British Columbia) and the San Juan Islands (Washington State). The boundaries on this map indicate the approximate area that the Lummi claimed in their 1951 Indian Claims Commission case Lummi Tribe of Indians v. the United States. The tribe’s claim was for 249,800 acres (390 square miles). [See, Lummi Tribe of Indians v. the United States, Indian Claims Commission Decisions, Docket 110, Vol. 2 (January 30, 1952) “Opinion,” 1, Oklahoma State University Library, OSU Digital Publishing Center: http://digital.library.okstate.edu/icc/v02/iccv02p001.pdf.] Show more Show less

Pauline Hillaire, Scälla – Of the Killer Whale (Lummi, 1929–2016), was a direct descendant of the immediate post-contact generations of Coast Salish people in Washington State. She was an historian, genealogist, artist, teacher, and conservator of Coast and Straits Salish knowledge and culture. These photographs offer a visual biography of Hillaire. This image shows nine individuals, including Pauline Hillaire. Frank Hillaire (Haeteluk) was…

Pauline Hillaire, Scälla – Of the Killer Whale (Lummi, 1929–2016), was a direct descendant of the immediate post-contact generations of Coast Salish people in Washington State. She was an historian, genealogist, artist, teacher, and conservator of Coast and Straits Salish knowledge and culture. These photographs offer a visual biography of Hillaire. This image shows nine individuals, including Pauline Hillaire. Frank Hillaire (Haeteluk) was Pauline’s grandfather, who served as chief in the Lummi Nation and who also created the Children of the Setting Sun dancers in 1890. The Children of the Setting Sun both preserves and celebrates sche’lang’en, the Lummi "way of life." Show more Show less

Pauline Hillaire, Scälla – Of the Killer Whale (Lummi, 1929–2016), was a direct descendant of the immediate post-contact generations of Coast Salish people in Washington State. She was an historian, genealogist, artist, teacher, and conservator of Coast and Straits Salish knowledge and culture. These photographs offer a visual biography of Hillaire. This image is a portrait of Hillaire.